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Survey improvements to reduce abortion underreporting are needed. This study documents that abortion stigma plagues the quality of reporting in the USA for both women and men, regardless of which state they live in. At the individual level, about 40% of women and men who reported an abortion in their ACASI did not fully report in the FTF interview however, there were few differences by any state-level factors. We found that at the aggregate level, there were no differences in reporting by the state-level measures. At the individual level, we tested if state-level structural factors were associated with less reporting of abortion in the face-to-face (FTF) survey mode than the more confidential audio computer-assisted self-interviewing mode (ACASI) of the NSFG. At the aggregate level, we compared the weighted number of abortions women reported in the NSFG to abortion counts derived from abortion provider censuses and test for variation in underreporting by state-level structural measures.
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We used restricted geographic data from the 2006–20–2015 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to investigate the association between abortion reporting in the USA and state-level structural factors that may influence respondents’ experience of abortion stigma. In the USA, variation in the context of abortion between states may influence respondents’ exposure to abortion stigma and create geographic variation in their likelihood of disclosing abortion in surveys. While interest group politics have been mitigated by good policy entrepreneurship at the subnational level, the lack of policy entrepreneurship and the changing positions of competing interest groups have kept a federal carbon pricing policy from becoming a reality.Abortion is highly stigmatized in most settings and severely underreported in demographic surveys. The article finds that federal carbon pricing in the US suffers from the lack of any natural and/or consistent constituency to support it through policy development, legislation, and implementation. Third, it examines the factors that limit the prospects of realizing an ambitious federal carbon price for pursuing deep decarbonization of the US economy. Second, the article details the federal carbon pricing policy proposals and bills discussed in the last decade. First, the article explores the evolution of two main regional carbon pricing policies, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and California cap-and-trade, to identify how interest groups and policy entrepreneurs shaped the design and implementation of the respective policies. Using the literature on interest group politics and policy entrepreneurship, this article examines the carbon pricing policies at the subnational and federal levels in the US. While there is no federal policy operational today, several carbon pricing proposals have been introduced in Congress in the last decade. The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the California cap-and-trade policy are the two regional policies operational today. In the last two decades, several carbon pricing policies have been implemented or debated at the state and federal levels in the US. Abstract: Carbon pricing is a key policy instrument used to steer markets towards the adoption of low-carbon technologies.